Anthony David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

Princeton University Press, 2007. — xii + 553 p. — ISBN: 978-0-691-05887-0.Winner of the 2010 Book Award, Society for American Archaeology.Roughly half the world's population speaks languages derived from a shared linguistic source known as Proto-Indo-European. But who were the early speakers of this ancient mother tongue, and how did they manage to spread it around the globe? Until now their identity has remained a tantalizing mystery to linguists, archaeologists, and even Nazis seeking the roots of the Aryan race. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language lifts the veil that has long shrouded these original Indo-European speakers, and reveals how their domestication of horses and use of the wheel spread language and transformed civilization.
Linking prehistoric archaeological remains with the development of language, David Anthony identifies the prehistoric peoples of central Eurasia's steppe grasslands as the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European, and shows how their innovative use of the ox wagon, horseback riding, and the warrior's chariot turned the Eurasian steppes into a thriving transcontinental corridor of communication, commerce, and cultural exchange. He explains how they spread their traditions and gave rise to important advances in copper mining, warfare, and patron-client political institutions, thereby ushering in an era of vibrant social change. Anthony also describes his fascinating discovery of how the wear from bits on ancient horse teeth reveals the origins of horseback riding.
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language solves a puzzle that has vexed scholars for two centuries-the source of the Indo-European languages and English-and recovers a magnificent and influential civilization from the past.Рецензии на книгу:Kohl Philip L. Perils of Carts before Horses: Linguistic Models and the Underdetermined Archaeological Record, также в украинском переводе
Писаревский Н.П. Новый фундаментальный труд о происхождении, ранней истории и миграциях прото-индоевропейцев
Клейн Л.С. О степном происхождении индоевропейцев.pdf; DJVULanguage and Archaeology.The Promise and Politics of the Mother Tonge.
Ancestor.
Linguists and Chauvinists.
The Lure of the Mother Tongue.
A New Solution for an Old Problem.
Language Extinction and Thought.
How to Reconstruct a Dead Language.
Language Chage and Time.
Phonology: How to Reconstruct a Dead Sound.
The Lexicon: How to Reconstruct Dead Meanings.
Syntax and Morphology: The Shape of a Dead Language.
Conclusion: Raising a Language from the Dead.
Language and Time 1: The last Speakers of Proto-Indo-European.
The size of the Chronological Window: How Long Do Languages Last?
The Terminal Date for Proto-Indo-European.
The Mother Becomes Her Daughters.
The Oldest and Strangest Daughter (or Cousin?): Anatolian.
The Next Oldest Inscriptions: Greek and Old Indic.
Counting the Relatives: How many in 1500 BCE?
Language and Time 2: Wool, Wheels, and Proto-Indo-European.
The Wool Vocabulary.
The wheel Vocabulary.
When Was the Wheel Invented.
The Significance of the Wheel.
Wagons and the Anatolian Homeland Hypothesis.
The Birth and Death of Proto-Indo-European.
Language and Place: The Location of the Proto-Indo-European Homeland.
Problems with the Concept of "the Homeland".
Finding the Homeland: Ecology and Enviroment.
Finding the Homeland: The Economic and Social Setting.
Finding the Homeland: Uralic and Caucasian Connections.
The Location of the Proto-Indo-European Homeland.
The Archeology of Language.
Persistent Frontiers.
Migration as a Cause of Persistent Material-Culture Frontiers.
Ecological Frontiers: Different Ways of Making a Living.
Small-scale Migrations, Elite Recruitment, and Language Shift.The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes.How to Reconstruct a Dead Culture.
The Three Ages in the Pontic-Caspian Steppes.
Dating and the Radiocarbon Revolution.
What Did They Eat?
Archaeological Cultures and Living Cultures.
The Big Questions Ahead.
First Farmers and Herders: The Pontic-Caspian Neolithic.
Domesticated Animals and Pontic-Capisan Ecology.
The First Farmer-Forager Frontier in the Pontic-Casppian Region.
Farmer Meets Forager: The Bug-Dniester Culture.
Beyond the Frontier: Pontic-Caspian Foragers before Cattle Arrived.
The Gods Give Cattle.
Cows, Copper, and Chiefs.
The Early Copper Age in Old Europe.
The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture.
The Dnieper-Donets II Culture.
The Khvalynsk Culture on the Volga.
Nalchik and North Caucasian Cultures.
The Lower Don and North Caspian Steppes.
The Forest Frontier: The Samara Culture.
Cows, Social Power, and the Emergence of Tribes.
The Domestication of the Horse and the Origins of Riding: The Tale of the Teeth.
Where Were Horses First Domesticated?
Why Were Horses Domesticated?
What Is a Domesticated Horse?
Bit Wear and Horseback Riding?
Indo-European Migrations and Bit Wear at Dereivka.
Botai and Eneolithic Horseback Riding.
The Economic and Military Effects of Horseback Riding.
The End of Old Europe and the Rise of the Steppe.
Warfare and Alliance.
The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture and the Steppes.
The Sredni Stog Culture: Horses and Rituals from the East.
Migrations into the danube Valley.
The Suvorovo-Novodanilovka Complex.
Warfare, Climate Change, and Language.
Shift in the Lower Danube Valley.
After the Collapse.
Seeds of Change on the Steppe Borders: Maikop Chiefs and Tripolye Towns.
The Five Cultures of the Final Eneolithic in the Steppes.
Crisis and Change on the Tripolye Frontier.
Towns Bigger Than Cities.
The First Cities and Their Connection to the Steppes.
The North Caucasian Piedmint.
Eneolithic Famers before Maikop.
The Maikop Culture.
Maikop-Novosvobodnaya in the Steppes.
Contacts with the North.
Proto-Indo-European as a Regional.
Language in a Changing World.
Wagon Dwellers of the Steppe: The Speakers of Proto-Indo-European.
Why Not a Kurgan Culture?
Beyond the Eastern Frontier.
The Afanasievo Migration to the Altai.
Wagon Graves in the Steppes.
Where Did the Yamnaya Horizon Begin?
When Did the Yamnaya Horizon Begin?
Were the Yamnaya People Nomads?
Yamnaya Social Organization.
The Stone Stelae of the North Pontic Steppes.
The Western Indo-European Languages.
The End of the Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture and the Roots of the Western Branches.
Steppe Overlords and Tripolye Clients: The Usatovo Culture.
The Yamnaya Migration up the Danube Valley.
Yamnaya Contacts with the Corded Ware Horizon.
The Origins of Greek.
Conclusion: The Early Western Indo-European.
Languages Disperse.
Chariot Warriors of the Northern Steppes.
The end of the Forest Frontier: Corded Ware Herders in the Forest.
Pre-Sintashta Cultures of the eastern Steppes.
The Origin of the Sintashta Culture.
Warfare in the Sitachta Culture.
Fortifications and Weapons.
Tournaments of Value.
Sintashta and the Origins of the Aryans.
The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes.
Bronze Age Empires and the Horse Trade.
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex.
The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes.
The Srubnaya Culture.
Herding and Gathering in the Western Steppes.
East of the Urals, Phase I: The Petrovka Culture.
The Seima-Turbino Horizon in the Forest-Steppe Zone.
Words and Deeds.
The Horse and the Wheel.
Archaeology and Language.Appendix: Author's Note on radiocarbon dates.