Gadd Karen. TRIZ for Engineers: Enabling Inventive Problem Solving

Wiley, 2011. — 504 р. — ISBN: 978-0470741887, 0470741880.TRIZ is a brilliant toolkit for nurturing engineering creativity and innovation. This accessible, colourful and practical guide has been developed from problem-solving workshops run by Oxford Creativity, one of the world's top TRIZ training organizations started by Gadd in 1998. Gadd has successfully introduced TRIZ to many major organisations such as Airbus, Sellafield Sites, Saint-Gobain, DCA, Doosan Babcock, Kraft, Qinetiq, Trelleborg, Rolls Royce and BAE Systems, working on diverse major projects including next generation submarines, chocolate packaging, nuclear clean-up, sustainability and cost reduction.
Engineering companies are increasingly recognising and acting upon the need to encourage successful, practical and systematic innovation at every stage of the engineering process including product development and design. TRIZ enables greater clarity of thought and taps into the creativity innate in all of us, transforming random, ineffective brainstorming into targeted, audited, creative sessions focussed on the problem at hand and unlocking the engineers' knowledge and genius to identify all the relevant solutions.
For good design engineers and technical directors across all industries, as well as students of engineering, entrepreneurship and innovation, TRIZ for Engineers will help unlock and realise the potential of TRIZ. The individual tools are straightforward, the problem-solving process is systematic and repeatable, and the results will speak for themselves.
This highly innovative book:
Satisfies the need for concise, clearly presented information together with practical advice on TRIZ and problem solving algorithms
Employs explanatory techniques, processes and examples that have been used to train thousands of engineers to use TRIZ successfully
Contains real, relevant and recent case studies from major blue chip companiesIs illustrated throughout with specially commissioned full-colour cartoons that illustrate the various concepts and techniques and bring the theory to life.
Turns good engineers into great engineers.About the Author
Acknowledgements
Foreword
Introduction: TRIZ Logic and the tools for innovation and clarity of thought.
TRIZ Tools for Creativity and Clever Solutions.
What is TRIZ?
Who uses TRIZ and why?
TRIZ and other problem solving toolkits.
Innovation – Fool's Gold or TRIZ?
What does TRIZ offer?
How TRIZ works.
The Golden rule of TRIZ.
The TRIZ Toolkit.
TRIZ Creativity tools.
TRIZ Creativity Triggers (to be applied at any/ all stages as required).
Creativity Prompts - Smart Little People & Size-Time-Cost.
Size -Time - Cost for visualising solutions.
TRIZ for Everyone – No Matter What Your Creativity
Problem Challenge.
TRIZ for everyone – no matter what your creativity.
TRIZ Knowledge Revolution to Access All the World’s Known Solutions
Problem Solving – Resolving Defined Problems
Limited Time for Understanding and Solving Important Problems
From Random to Systematic Problem Solving
Problems Vary – Some Are Easy, Some Are Difficult
TRIZ Five Levels of Inventiveness/Creativity
How to Access Our Own and the World’s Knowledge
TRIZ ‘Dictionary’ of the 100 World’s Conceptual Solutions to
Any Engineering Problem
Back to First Principles
Conclusion: TRIZ Access to the World’s Knowledge
Case Study: TRIZ in Rolls-Royce
Fundamentals of TRIZ Problem Solving
What is Problem Solving?
Finding Solutions – Systematic or Eureka Moments?
I’m a Genius – I Don’t Need TRIZ Thinking
TRIZ Conceptual Solutions
Thinking in Time and Scale
Many Solutions to Any Problem
TRIZ for Sharing Solutions
Logic of TRIZ Problem Solving
Understand the Problem – Where’s the Fun in That? We Like Solutions
Spontaneous ‘BAD’ Solutions
Bad Solution Parks
TRIZ Innovation Audit Trails – Importance of Hindsight in Problem Solving
TRIZ Basic logic – Improving Ideality
Choosing Systems to Meet All Needs
Systems Provide Functions Which Provide Benefits
Using the Bad Solution Park at All Stages of Problem Solving
Functions or Benefits? Functions Imply How We Get Something but Benefits Contain No Solutions in their Descriptions
Avoiding Premature Solutions – Ask WHY?
Asking Why and How as Practical Problem Tools
How?
Simple Questions to Ask in Problem Solving
Stakeholder needs and the Ideal
Start by Imagining an Ideal System
Problem Solving at the Right Price with TRIZ – Use Trimming and Resources
TRIZ Trimming
Problem-Solving Steps – Before, During and After
Thinking in Time and Scale
Talented Thinking
Time and Scale – Helps with All Problems Types
Inventive Engineers – Thinking in Time and Scale for System Context and All Requirements
Why Use Time and Scale?
Time and Scale Can Be Used in at Least Four Ways
Context Map
Solution Maps
Needs Map
Causes and Effects and Hazards Maps
Unidentified Manufacturing Problem – Scrap Rate Rises Dramatically
Use 9-Boxes to Understand History/Context of a Problem
Conclusion: TRIZ Aim is to Increase Ideality and Subdue Complexity
Time and Scale – an Important TRIZ Tool
Case Study: Applying Time and Scale to Nuclear Decommissioning Research Sites
Restoration Limited– an Estimating Workshop
The Contradiction Toolkit.
Uncovering and Solving Contradictions
Contradictions – Solve or Compromise?
What is a Contradiction?
Spotting Contradictions – But and And
Systems Meet Needs
Compromise or Solve?
40 Inventive Principles
Fact or Fiction
What is a Contradiction
Technical Contradiction
Don’t Compromise – or Choose Between Two Conflicting Solutions – Have Both
Physical Contradiction
40 Principles Solve All Contradictions
Contradiction Matrix
Solve Technical Contradictions with the Contradiction Matrix
Contradiction Definition from the 39 Technical Parameters
The 39 Technical Parameters
Understanding the 39 Technical Parameters
Using the Matrix
Logical Steps for Problem Solving Using the Contradiction Matrix – Start with Bad Solutions
Solving Problems
How Can We Match Our Solutions to the 39 Technical Parameters?
Solving Physical Contradictions
Separate in Time
Physical Contradictions are Everywhere in the Real World
Separate in Space
Separate on Condition
Separate by System
Physical Contradiction Examples
Finding Physical Contradictions
Physical or Technical Contradiction
Use the Separation Principles or Matrix?
Using the Contradiction Matrix to Solve the Physical Contradiction of the Board Pointer
Summary of Contradictions
Case Study: The Large and the Small of the Measurement of Acoustic Emissions in a Flying Aircraft Wing
Problem: The Measurement of Acoustic Emissions in a Flying Aircraft Wing
Appendix: 40 Principles: Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
Fast Thinking with the TRIZ Ideal Outcome.
The Ideal Solves the Problem
Simple Steps to Fast Resourceful Systematic Problem Solving
The Ideal as a Concept Has Four Major Roles in TRIZ Problem Solving
System We Want – The Acceptable Ideality
Ideal – Solves the Problem Itself
Traffic Control Systems – Ideal Self Systems
Define the Ideal – and Then Find the Resources to Create It
Quick Ideal Problem Solving
Ideal and Resources
Role of the Ideal Solution in the Problem-Solving Process
Ideal – Using Free Resources to Attract Customers
Genius, Resources and Ideal Thinking
TRIZ Helps Us Think Like Great Inventors Who Cleverly Use Resources
Ideal Solution Machine/User Manual to Uncover All Required Functions
Ideal Solution and Ideal User Manual for Public Toilets
Systems – Get the Right System and Get the System Right
Ideal Outcome to Help Us Appropriately Ignore/Subjugate Constraints
Too Much Innovation?
Ideal Outcome to Solve Problems
Ideal and Constraints, Reality and Problem Solutions
Constraints = Restrictions on How We Deliver (Not What We Want/Don’t Want)
The Ideal Helps Test Our Real Constraints
Start with Only Requirements – Initially Forget Both Systems and Constraints
Ideal, Constraints – and the Appropriate Levels of Problem Solving
Where and When Do I Solve the Problem of Having a Bumpy Ride to Work on My Bike?
Conclusion: Ideal Outcome Prompts Us to Understand Requirements and Simultaneously Find Solutions
Resources: The Fuel of Innovation
Using Resources – How to Become a Resourceful Engineer
Use the Resources We’ve Got
Transforming Harms
Minimize Inputs
Locating and Defining Resources
Resource Hunts – Focussed by Functions Which Give Us «What We Want»
Resources and Make or Buy Decisions
Needs – the Beginning of Any Process – Engineering or Otherwise
Requirements, Solutions and Resources
TRIZ Helps Engineers Balance Ingenuity and Time to Encourage Innovation in Design
Functions = Solutions to Give Us What We Want to Deliver
Life and Death Solutions are Good Resources
Attitudes, Mood, Fears and Enthusiasm are Significant Resources Too
TRIZ Problem Solving Using Resources
Resource Hunt
Using Super-system Resources
Resources and Hazards
Resources When in Peril
Four Simple Steps to Using Resources More Effectively
TRIZ Triggers Plus Resources for Practical Solutions
Clever Solutions Use the Right and Available Resources
Simple Steps to Resourceful Systematic Problem Solving
Quick Ideal Thinking
Ideal Outcome, Delivered by Essential Functions – Look for Relevant Resources
The Ideal Solves the Problem Itself – Ideal Self Systems
Seeking Smart Resources to Achieve Certain (Often Opposite) Benefits
Ideal Self Systems – Ideal Resources Used to Design a Tomato Sauce Bottle
Best Use of Resources – Overall TRIZ Philosophy..
Ideal and the Ideality Audit
Ideality Audit
Ideal in TRIZ Comes in a Number of Names and Tools
Ideal Outcome in the Bigger Picture
Ideality Audit Begins with the Ideal Outcome
Benefit Capture Exercise
Undertaking an Ideality Audit
No System Yet?
Using the Ideal in Aerospace Problem-Solving Sessions
Thinking Up Solutions is More Fun than Meeting Needs
Different Stakeholders Have Different Ideal Outcomes
Ideality of All Stakeholders
TRIZ Embraces Solution-Mode Thinking
Defining the Ultimate Goal and Prime Benefit
Subtle Difference Between the Ultimate Goal and Primary Benefit
Identifying Opposite Primary Benefits
Ultimate Goal Achieved by Opposite Systems from Opposite Primary Benefits
Identifying Real Goals – Owning a Submarine Fleet
Ideal Outcome
Ideal Outcome and Inventing
Invention, Ideal Outcome and Science Fiction for Gathering of New Solutions
Using the Ideal to Invent Systems
Using the Ideal to Understand What We Want and Then Achieve It – Windows for Houses and Offices
1. Problem, Context and Initial Problem Statement + Constraints
2. Map Context in 9-Boxes
3. Ideal Outcome – What Do We Really, Really Want?
4. Ideality Audit
5. Ideal System – What does it do?
6. Define Ideal Functions (Delivered by X-Factor)
7. Seek Good SolutionsTRIZ, invention and Next Generation Systems.
System Development and Trends of Evolution
TRIZ Trends for Finding Future Systems
Perfecting Products
Origin of the TRIZ Trends of Evolution
TRIZ Trends and Lines of Evolution
Trends = Patterns = Laws of Evolution
Why Are They Useful?
Evolution – Including Technical
Successful Products Meet Needs
Using the Trends for Practical Problem Solving
The 8 Trends Map Natural Progression and Development
1. Ideality is the Most Fundamental of the 8 TRIZ Trends of Evolution
2. The Power of S-Curves
3. Less Human Involvement
4. Non-Uniform Development of Parts
5. Simplicity – Complication – Simplicity
6. Increasing Dynamism, Flexibility and Controllability
7. Increasing Segmentation and Increased Use of Fields
8. Matching and Mismatching of Parts
Ideality is Increased by Moving towards the Ideal Along Any or All of the TRIZ Trends
Inventing with TRIZ
How to Be a Great but Mundane Inventor with TRIZ
TRIZ and Invention
Product DNA Predicts Future Systems
Development of the Breathalyzer
TRIZ for Invention
Interesting Gaps Between Inspirational Ideas and Scientific Proofs
TRIZ and All Routes to Invention – Creating Systems
TRIZ Helps with All the Major Routes to Invention
1. Meet Needs in New Ways with New and Old Systems
2. Find New Uses for New and Old Systems, Technologies, Functions
Systematic Routes to Invention
Ariadne’s Thread – Don’t Lose the Way!
Capture Solutions – Top-of-the-Head Ideas
Flowcharts for Invention
Corporate Innovation and Invention is Poorly Rewarded
TRIZ for System analysis and improvement.
Function Analysis for System Understanding
Function Analysis and Maps for Problem Understanding
Why Draw Function Maps?
Why Use TRIZ Function Analysis?
What Can TRIZ Function Analysis Reveal at a Glance?
Basic Building Blocks for Problem Solving – Defining Ideality
Don’t Miss Out or Skip the Ideality Audit
For Problem Solving We Need Both the Ideality Audit and the Function Analysis
Function Analysis of the Current System (System We’ve Got)
Step-by-Step Function Analysis – Drawing a TRIZ Function Map
Function Map – All the Subject action Objects together
Function Analysis for Understanding and Solving Simple Problems
Systems Develop to Deliver Benefits Better – Perfecting Functions to Deliver Those Benefits
Systems Develop in Response to Changing Needs
Simple Rules of Function Analysis
Finding Your S-a-O is Not Always Easy
Systems Are Made Up of S-a-Os
Defining the Action Takes Careful Thought
Function Maps Contain All the System and Relevant Environmental Elements
System Development Through Extra Functions
Problem Solving from the Function Analysis Problem List
Oxford Standard Solutions for Solving Problems Mapped in Function Analysis
Insufficiencies → 35 Standard Solutions for Improving a Function
Detection and Measurement → 17 Solutions
Harmful Actions → 24 Standard Solutions for Overcoming Harm
Function Analysis at Every Stage and for Every Kind of Difficult Problem
Using Function Analysis on Real and Difficult Problems
Function Analysis Identifies All Significant Problems
System Analysis and Function Analysis
Simple Answers to Simple Questions
Example of Function Analysis of a Single Item – a Coffee Cup
1. Ideality Audit
2. Function List of all Components and Their Interactions
Function Analysis For Locating and Dealing with the Causes of Problems – Roadside Bombs
Problem of Detecting Roadside Bombs
Detecting Bombs in Time and Scale
Causes of ‘Successful’ Roadside Bombs
Successful Outcome from the Bomber’s Perspective
Outcome from the Bombee/Victim’s Perspective
Finding Solutions to Roadside Bombs
Some Suggested SolutionsCase study: Improving the Opening of the Bitesize Pouch at Mars
Mars Enjoys Immediate Success of New Pouch Packaging Concept
The Pouch Problem
Solving the Pouch Problem with TRIZ
Finding Solution Concepts with TRIZ
Industrialization of the Concepts
The Winning Idea and the Validation
Patenting the Idea
The FutureAppendix– Oxford Standard Solutions These are the Traditional TRIZ 76 Standard Solutions Re-Arranged into Three Categories
Classic TRIZ ARIZ and Su-Fields.
ARIZ & Substance-Fields in Altshuller's Development of TRIZ Tools.
Substance-Field Analysis or Su-Field Analysis.
Building Substance-Field models.
Definitions for Substance-Field.
76 Standard Solutions and accessing them with Substance-Field Models.
Simple steps for applying Substance-Field Model Analysis to Problems.
Simple example of Substance-Field Analysis using the Standard Solutions.
ARIZ – An Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving.
Appendix: Traditional TRIZ 76 standard solutions.
Chapter 12: Classical TRIZ: Substance-Field Analysis and ARIZ
ARIZ and Substance–Fields in Altshuller’s Development of TRIZ Tools
Substance–Field Analysis
Building Substance–Field Models
Four Basic Substance-Field Model Types
76 Standard Solutions and Accessing Them with Substance–Field Models
Class 1: Building and Destruction of Substance–Field Models
Class 2: Development of Substance–Field Models
Class 3: Transition to Super-system and Micro Level
Class 4: Standards for Detection and Measuring
Class 5: Standards on Application of Standards
Simple Steps for Applying Substance–Field Model Analysis to Problems
Simple Example of Substance–Field Analysis Using the Standard Solutions
ARIZ – An Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving
Using ARIZ on Challenging Problems
Overall Structure of the ARIZ Algorithm
Step 1 ARIZ – Problem Definition
Step 2 ARIZ – Uncovering of System Contradictions
Step 3 ARIZ – Analysis of System Contradictions and Formulation of Mini-Problem
Step 4 ARIZ – Analysis of Resources
Step 5 ARIZ – Development of Conceptual Solutions
ARIZ Summary
Using ARIZ to Solve a Problem with Coal Blocking a Pipe
Step 1 ARIZ – Problem Definition
Step 2 ARIZ – Uncovering of System Contradictions
Step 3 ARIZ – Analysis of Contradictions and Formulation of Mini-Problem
Step 4 ARIZ – Search for Available Resources to Provide X-Factor
Step 5 ARIZ – Development of Conceptual Solutions
ARIZ on Coal Problem – Selecting a Resource
Frame an Ideal Outcome/IFR of X-Factor
Conclusion Appendix– Traditional TRIZ 76 Standard Solutions
6. How to problem Solve with TRIZ – the Problem Solving Maps.
TRIZ Problem-solving Maps and Algorithms
TRIZ for the Right Functions at the Right Time in the Right Places
Where Do We Start with TRIZ? Which Tools When?
TRIZ is Immediately Useful but Understanding Takes Time and Practice
Two Fundamental Areas in Practical Technical Problem Solving
New Systems – Invention and Next Generation Systems
Improving Systems Delivering More Benefits, Reducing Inputs and Dealing with Any Problems
Ideality Tactics – Improve Outcomes, Reduce Harms and Reduce Costs
Problem Understanding and Solving Routes and Applying the Ideality Tactics
Problem Understanding Steps
Applying the Ideality Tactics
Case Study: BAE Systems ‘SRES’ Ducting Design
Problem Context
System Modelling and Analysis
Uncovering and Solving Physical and Technical Contradictions
Solutions – Physical Contradictions
Technical Contradictions
Applying the Standard Solutions for Dealing with Harm in Problem Solving
Apply Standard Solutions for Insufficiency (35 Ways)
Final Solution
Summary and Conclusions
Benefits of TRIZ to the BAE Systems Team
Appendix I: 39 Parameters of the Contradiction Matrix
Appendix II: Contradiction Matrix