Bybee Joan, Perkins Revere, Pagliuca William. The Evolution of Grammar

Chicago ; London, The University of Chicago Press, 2004. — 420 p. — (Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World). — ISBN: 0-226-08663-1 ; 0-226-08665-8.Joan Bybee and her colleagues present a new theory of the evolution of grammar that links structure and meaning in a way that directly challenges most contemporary versions of generative grammar. This study focuses on the use and meaning of grammatical markers of tense, aspect, and modality and identifies a universal set of grammatical categories. The authors demonstrate that the semantic content of these categories evolves gradually and that this process of evolution is strikingly similar across unrelated languages.
Through a survey of seventy-six languages in twenty-five different phyla, the authors show that the same paths of change occur universally and that movement along these paths is in one direction only. This analysis reveals that lexical substance evolves into grammatical substance through various mechanisms of change, such as metaphorical extension and the conventionalization of implicature. Grammaticization is always accompanied by an increase in frequency of the grammatical marker, providing clear evidence that language use is a major factor in the evolution of synchronic language states.
The Evolution of Grammar has important implications for the development of language and for the study of cognitive processes in general.Figures and Tables
Preface and Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Theoretical Background
Method Used in the Study
Anterior, Perfective, and Related Senses
A Quantitative Approach to Grammaticization
Progressive, Imperfective, Present, and Related Senses
Mood and Modality
Future
Mechanisms of Semantic Change
Appendix A: Gramcats Sampling Procedure
Appendix B: Meaning Labels
Appendix C: Sources of Language Data
Bibliography for Gramcats SampleAuthor Index
Languages Index
Subject Index