Bodart Gaston. Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary: France

Military selection and race deterioration, by Vernon Lyman Kellogg; ed. by Harald Westergaard. — Clarendon Press, 1916. — 213 p.The Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is organized to promote a thorough and scientific investigation of the causes and results of war. In accordance with this purpose a conference of eminent statesmen, publicists, and economists was held in Berne, Switzerland, in August 1911, at which a plan of investigation was formed and an extensive list of topics was prepared. The programme of that Conference is presented in detail in an Appendix. It will be seen that an elaborate series of investigations has been undertaken, and the resulting reports may in due time be expected in printed form.Of works so prepared some will aim to reveal direct and indirect consequences of warfare, and thus to furnish a basis for a judgement as to the reasonableness of the resort to it.
If the evils are in reality larger and the benefits smaller than in the common view they appear to be, such studies should furnish convincing evidence of this fact and afford a basis for an enlightened policy whenever there is danger of international conflicts.Studies in the causes of warfare will reveal, in particular, those economic influences which in time of peace bring about clashing interests and mutual suspicion and hostility. They will, it is believed, show what policies, as adopted by different nations, will reduce the conflicts of interest, inure to the common benefit, and afford a basis for international confidence and good-will. They will further tend to reveal the natural economic influences which of themselves bring about more and more harmonious relations and tend to substitute general benefits for the mutual injuries that follow unintelligent self- seeking. Economic internationalism needs to be fortified by the mutual trust that just dealing creates ; but just conduct itself may be favoured by economic conditions.
These, in turn, may be created partly by a natural evolution and partly by the conscious action of governments ; and both evolution and public action are among the important subjects of investigation.An appeal to reason is in order when excited feelings render armed conflicts imminent ; but it is quite as surely called for when no excitement exists and when it may be forestalled and prevented from developing by sound national policies.
To furnish a scientific basis for reasonable international policies is the purpose of some of the studies already in progress and of more that will hereafter be undertaken.